What-centric labels such as “hypothesis”, “literature review”, and “methodology” would help you to efficiently refer to sections and navigate without having to work through sections of data all over again. according to the standard dissertation structure. This type of coding is useful when you want to access segments of data quickly, and it can help tremendously when you’re dealing with large data sets.įor example, if you were coding a collection of theses or dissertations (which would be quite a large data set), structural coding could be useful as you could code according to different sections within each of these documents – i.e. Generally, it includes coding according to answers to the questions of “ who ”, “ what ”, “ where ”, and “ how ”, rather than the actual topics expressed in the data. Structural coding involves labelling and describing specific structural attributes of the data. For example, you may have action codes such as, “describing a panda”, “singing a song about bananas”, or “arguing with a relative”. Simply put, process coding is useful as it allows you to, in a concise manner, identify the main occurrences in a set of data and provide a dynamic account of events. The participant could shrug their shoulders, which would indicate that they genuinely don’t know where the girl is however, they could also wink, showing that they do actually know where the girl is. A sentence like this can be interpreted in many different ways depending on the context and movements of the participant. Process coding is useful as it allows you to code parts of data that aren’t necessarily spoken, but that are still imperative to understanding the meaning of the texts.Īn example here would be if a participant were to say something like, “I have no idea where she is”. These actions are often indicated by gerunds (words ending in “-ing”) – for example, running, jumping or singing. Action-based codes are codes that indicate a movement or procedure. Next up, there’s process coding, which makes use of action-based codes. Therefore, in vivo coding is particularly useful, as it avoids interpretation errors. In a scenario like this one, it’s not possible to derive the reason for viewing the past as in front and the future as behind without knowing the Aymara culture’s perception of time. They know what happened in the past, so their perspective is that it’s positioned in front of them, where they can “see” it. Why? Because the future is unknown, so it must be out of sight (or behind us). Speakers of Aymara view the past as in front of them and the future as behind them. However, this isn’t the same in all cultures. In these cases, it’s often difficult to accurately infer meaning due to linguistic or cultural differences.įor example, English speakers typically view the future as in front of them and the past as behind them. In vivo coding is particularly useful when your data are derived from participants who speak different languages or come from different cultures. By doing this, you’ll avoid trying to infer meaning, rather staying as close to the original phrases and words as possible. In other words, you use direct quotes from participants as your codes. When you use in vivo coding, you make use of a participants’ own words, rather than your interpretation of the data. In other words, good coding is the foundation of high-quality analysis. In other words, it helps ensure that your analysis is undertaken systematically and that other researchers can review it (in the world of research, we call this transparency). But why should you bother with coding at all? Why not just look for themes from the outset? Well, coding is a way of making sure your data is valid. Instead, it generally refers to the process of labelling and grouping similar types of data to make generating themes and analysing the data more manageable. Coding and analysis can take place simultaneously, but it’s important to note that coding does not necessarily involve identifying themes (depending on which textbook you’re reading, of course). You’ll then use these codes later down the road to derive themes and patterns for your qualitative analysis (for example, thematic analysis). So, building onto this, qualitative data coding is the process of creating and assigning codes to categorise data extracts. This code simply describes that the sentence involves pigeons. “Pigeons attacked me and stole my sandwich.” At the simplest level, a code is a label that describes the content of a piece of text. Let’s start by understanding what a code is.
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